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Electromagnetic fields
What are electromagnetic fields?
Static and low-frequency fields
What are static and low-frequency electric and magnetic fields?
Direct and alternating voltage
Application/occurrence
Power supply & traffic systems
Transformer station
Household appliances & electrical installations
Induction hob
Display screens
Anti-theft devices
Other applications
Everyday field strain
Effects of static and low-frequency fields
Effects of static fields
WHO risk assessment
Protection
Limit values
Precaution
Occupational safety
Reports & Evaluations
Energy saving lamps
Static magnetic fields and human health
Radiation protection relating to the expansion of the national grid
Basics transfer of electrical power
What are high-voltage lines?
Electric and magnetic fields
Field strain due to high-voltage lines
High-voltage direct current transmission
Effects
Established effects
Discussed effects of low-frequency fields
Further environmental effects
Protection
Limit values
European limit values and regulations
Precaution
High-frequency fields
What are high-frequency fields?
Applications high-frequency fields
Overview
BOS radio system
Free radio telephone services
WiMAX
Cordless landline telephones
Cordless equipment connections
Baby monitors
Radio and television
Smart meters
Full-body scanners
Radar
Effects
Biological effects due to energy absorption and heating
Other possible biological effects
IARC evaluation of high-frequency fields
Protection
Limit values
Occupational safety

Radiation protection in mobile communication
What is mobile communication?
High-frequency electromagnetic fields
Mobile terminals
GSM standard
UMTS
LTE
Effects
Biological effects due to energy absorption and heating
Other possible biological effects
Protection
Legal rules
Precaution
Reports and evaluations
Research programme "Mobile Communication" (DMF)
Mobile phones in a railway compartment
Options for lowering the emission
Mobile phone use and male fertility
Danish Cohort Study
New frequencies
Optical radiation
What is optical radiation?
UV radiation
What is UV radiation?
Sun – but safe!
What is solar radiation?
UV radiation and ozone
Sunbeds
Effects of UV radiation
Acute effects
Protection against UV radiation
Why protection against UV radiation?
Tips on UV protection
UV protection through clothing
UV protection for the eyes
UV protection for the skin
UV protection alliance
UV index
What is the UV index?
UV forecast
UV index worldwide
UV monitoring network
Infrared radiation
What is infrared radiation?
Application/occurrence
Effects

Laser
What is laser radiation?
Applications in daily life and in technology
Applications in medicine and cosmetics
Biological effects
Ionising radiation
What is ionising radiation?
Radioactivity in the environment
Where does radioactivity occur in the environment?
What is the level of natural radiation exposure in Germany?
Air, soil and water
Monitoring of the gamma dose rate
Cosmic radiation during flights
Trace measurements in the air
Emission monitoring
Air monitoring at Schauinsland measuring station
The BfS geoportal
Radon
What is radon?
Radon in the soil
Radon in buildings
Health effects
Measures to provide protection against radon
More Information
Foodstuffs
What radionuclides can be found in food?
Natural radioactivity in food
Radiation exposure via food intake
Radiation exposure of mushrooms and game
Building materials
Natural radionuclides in building materials
Clay as building material
Granite plates used in households
Relics
Enhanced environmental radioactivity as a result of human influence
Legacies
Specialist information
Industrial residues (NORM)
What are NORM residues?
Residues from drinking-water treatment
Residues from deep geothermal energy
Specialist information NORM
BfS laboratories
Laboratories for the measurement of radioactive materials
Control center for quality assurance
Trace analysis
Radon calibrating laboratory
Applications in medicine
Diagnostics
X-rays
Nuclear-medical diagnostics
Radiation applications and pregnancy
Alternative imaging techniques
Diagnostic reference values
Radiotherapy
What is radiotherapy?
Types of radiotherapy
Radiation protection in medicine: international activities
Applications in daily life and in technology
Radioactive radiation sources in Germany
International Workshop on the security of sealed radioactive sources
Register high-level radioactive radiation sources
Type approval procedure pursuant to RöV and StrlSchV
... pursuant to X-Ray Ordinance
... pursuant to Radiation Protection Ordinance
Cabin luggage security checks
Radioactive materials in watches
Ionisation smoke detectors (ISM)
Effects
What are the effects of radiation?
Effects of selected radioactive materials
Polonium-210
Plutonium
Uranium
Consequences of a radiation accident
Cancer and leukaemia
Introduction
Childhood leukemia
Genetic radiation effects
Individual radiosensitivity
Epidemiology of radiation-induced diseases
Ionising radiation: positive effects?
Risk estimation and assessment
Radiation protection
Basic informations
Principles of radiation protection
From activity to dose
Atomic bombings: radiation protection
Occupational radiation protection
Occupational radiation protection at international level
Recommendations on practical radiation protection
Radiation Protection Register
This is how monitoring works
Nuclear accident management
What happens in an emergency?
Federal and state tasks
In the event of an emergency
Protection of the population
Radiation exposure
Psychosocial consequences
Decision support systems
Measuring networks
Germany: IMIS
Worldwide: CTBTO International Monitoring System
Other international measuring networks
Exercises for emergency situations
Nuclear plant emergency response exercises
Helicopter-borne Measurement Exercises
Measurement exercises on the ground
Measuring systems
Nuclear accidents
Fukushima
Chernobyl
Defence against nuclear hazards
Defence against nuclear hazards
ZUB
"Dirty bomb"

Service offers
Radon measurements
Accredited calibration laboratory
Measurement methods
Comparative tests for passive radon measuring devices
Quality assurance
Incorporation monitoring
Coordinating Office
Procedure
Interlaboratory comparisons
Approved Laboratories
Biological dosimetry
Dose estimation at the BfS
Biological dosimetry following radiation exposure
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Measurement exercise in Chernobyl

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Reports
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BfS annual reports

Environmental radioactivity and radiation exposure

Online library
BfS DORIS online library

Göttingen Catalogue of Nuclear Law (GAK)
The BfS

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The BfS
About us
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Science and research
Research concept
Scientific collaborations
WHO Collaborating Centre
Emergency preparedness
Radiation biology
Radioecology
EU research framework programme
BfS research programme
BfS research programme 2013-2017
BfS research programme Power Grid Expansion
Third-party funded research
Departmental research
Selected research projects
Wismut uranium miners cohort study
European radiobiology archives (ERA)
German Mobile Communication Research Programme (DMF)
Selected research results
Radiation epidemiological research
Low frequency fields - hematopoeitic and immune system
BfS research projects on the effect of strong static magnetic fields
Health effects of TETRA
German Mobile Communication Research Programme (DMF)
Professional opinions

Science Council

Laws and regulations
Radiation Protection Act
Frequently applied legal provisions
Handbook nuclear safety and radiation protection

Dose coefficients to calculate radiation exposure

BfS Topics in the Bundestag
Elektromagnetic fields
Optical radiation

Ionising radiation

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Brochures

Brochures

The Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS) provides you free of charge with information about many key topics around radiation protection. Some of our brochures are available in English language.

To see all brochures in German language, please refer to German website.

X-ray: Benefit and risk

X-rays: benefit and risk

X-ray diagnostics can be of major benefit for the individual patient but can also pose a risk to them. What you should know of X-radiation has been summarised in this brochure.

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